Methods vs methodology
Methods vs methodology highlights the difference between how research is done and why it is done that way. Methods describe what the researcher did — …
IMRaD format in research texts
The IMRaD format is a popular organisational framework for academic texts, especially in the sciences and social sciences. IMRaD stands for INTRODUCTION, METHODS, RESULTS and …
Science and tech writing
Science and tech writing translates complex concepts into clear, accurate and engaging content for academic or general audiences. It prioritises clarity, evidence, structure and audience …
Types of bias in research
Most common types of bias in research include selection bias, recall bias, observer bias, response bias, attrition bias, confirmation bias, publication bias, performance bias, measurement …
Hypothesis vs thesis
Hypothesis vs thesis represents two core approaches to structuring academic research. A hypothesis predicts a measurable outcome that researchers test through observation or experimentation, while …
PhD defense: Everything you need to know
A PhD defense, also known as a PhD viva, is an oral examination in which a doctoral candidate presents and defends their dissertation before a …
What is a BA dissertation?
A BA dissertation is a substantial piece of independent research written in the final year of a Bachelor of Arts degree. It requires students to …
Research objectives
Research objectives are specific, actionable goals that guide academic research by defining what the study aims to achieve. They help structure the research process and …
Golden thread in academic writing
The golden thread in academic writing refers to the clear, consistent and coherent line of argument or inquiry that runs through a piece of writing. …
